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Dec. 25th, 2009


[info]bbbush

升级 Cygwin 1.7

看到 LWN 的消息说 Cygwin 1.7 发布。

http://www.cygwin.com/setup.exe

网站一上来就是很大的 warning 说 mount 从注册表转到 fstab 文件了,不过应该不影响我。用 mount 操作注册表真是件麻烦的事,所以一直没特别设置 mount。有三个特殊目录 /, /bin 和 /lib 不需要在 fstab 中设置。更新还包括一些文件路径的变动,包括最长路径限制,对 hard/symbol link 的处理,无法显示在当前 locale 的路径名以 C-x UTF-8 代码方式显示,还有权限变化等等。比较有意思的是提到了 openat(2) 和相关函数。

http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man2/openat.2.html

       #define _ATFILE_SOURCE
       #include <fcntl.h>

       int openat(int dirfd, const char *pathname, int flags);
       int openat(int dirfd, const char *pathname, int flags, mode_t mode);


如果 pathname 是相对路径,则解释为相对于 dirfd。如果 dirfd 是特殊值 AT_FDCWD,那么 pathname 就是相对于 CWD。在 NOTES 里说,openat 防止了路径中某些目录发生变化的情况(race),而且允许每个线程有自己的 "CWD"

升级完毕,没有任何影响。我习惯于在 windows 环境变量里设置 LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8,所以现在不需要再做设置了。

阅读文档中还发现 /proc/registry 这个目录可以访问注册表,以前没有注意到。
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Dec. 23rd, 2009


[info]theljstaff in [info]news

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Dec. 21st, 2009


[info]bbbush

关于 GNU 的两本书

我决定以后保持略读的方法,一两个小时翻完一本书,不管是什么类型。不过,有些书需要精读,那么应该在略读之后花点时间摘抄评论什么的,而不是一开始就细细读完,花费许多时间。

这两本书,一本是九月 17 日自由软件日(SFD)时买的,Richard M. Stallman (RMS) 二十年来的演讲和文集,“Free Software, Free Society”,由 Lawence Lessig 作导言;另一本书是 Lawence 的 “Free Culture”,讲的是 Creative Commons,中信出版社刚译的版本。前者可以在 www.gnu.org/philosophy/fsfs/ 下载,后者在 http://www.free-culture.cc/freecontent/ 下载。

edit: 本来打算做的事情又耽搁了,那就不做了。反正以后用得着的话还可以去再看一遍。实际上,这两个页面里也有很好的资料,相当于摘抄了。唉,不指望搞明白最好,等用得着了再说?今天的心态也许过于放松了,话说经过三个月的努力能把新版本的软件发布出去的感觉可真好哇。
http://www.zeuux.org/philosophy/rms-and-fsm.cn.html
http://wiki.woodpecker.org.cn/moin/ZeuuxSummitRms


"Free Culture" 这本书的摘录(照抄翻译):

= 导言 =

两个案例,结局非常不同。1945 考斯比,诉军用飞机低空飞行致鸡群受惊,撞在谷仓墙壁上而死亡。审判结果为天空不再是私产,“此法有违常理”。

1933 阿姆斯特朗发明调频广播(FM),相比AM广播是极大进步,但是由于美国无线电公司(RCA)为维护AM广播的市场地位,以种种方式阻碍FM发展。RCA进入电视市场后,又以政府力量将FM分配到不合理的频段。最后阿姆斯特朗在讨要专利费用的诉讼中失利,RCA一直拖到专利过期后才提出和解方案,阿姆斯特朗以跳楼自尽收场。

因此,同样是”为公众谋利“,天空得到了合理归属;而在FM的案例中,政府被RCA挟持,拒绝更新也更好的FM技术。

== 互联网使法律发生变化 ==

作者提出,“在历史初期,美国的传统从不倾向对非商业文化进行管制。” 公众的创作是非商业文化,并非为了销售而生产,或者生产后不会用于销售。给孩子讲故事就是非商业文化的一种。“法律专注商业性的创造,授予创造者对其作品的排他性权利……但是在美国的传统中,它绝不占支配地位”。

在互联网出现后,由于媒体巨头的推动,法律开始对普通人的文化创造和分享进行管制。

“这种转变因保护商业创造力的必要性而名正言顺,而事实上保护主义才是它的动机。……然而和以前大不相同,它不是有限和均衡的形式。……它保护的不是艺术家,而是某些商业形式。……Corporations threatened by the
potential of the Internet to change the way both commercial and
noncommercial culture are made and shared have united to induce
lawmakers to use the law to protect them. It is the story of RCA and
Armstrong; it is the dream of the Causbys.”

如果不注意对文化创造的影响,消灭网络“盗版”的斗争会“……rid our
culture of values that have been integral to our tradition from the start.”

[如果以后没法给孩子讲刚看到的故事,或者不能唱刚购买下载的歌,不能批评某女作家的作品——因为批评无可避免地要引用片段,而作者不同意我引用片段的方式,要求我在批评时必须引用完整的作品,而且需要得到她的同意:那真是太别扭了。]

以“常理”来压制考斯比之类的做法是正确的,以“盗版”来压制创造力则是错误的。政府和法律受到了利益集团的威胁,人们在种种宣传中看不清“互联网”这个新事物对传统文化创造方式的促进,盲从对“盗版”的抵制,最终会影响自身的利益。



= 第一章:盗版 =

人们对盗版的误解是如果使用或者借鉴了别人的作品,就“拿走了属于他人的价值,必须得到他人的许可”。实际上,像 p2p 等方式扩展了流通的渠道,是在原有的方式基础上_新增的_价值,他人并没有损失什么。如果印刷一本书,其创造的价值已经全部摆在书架上,卖掉一份就少一份,作者获得报酬,这与 p2p 并没有关联。

[后面有关于盗版的案例,说到为什么迪士尼创作的动画片的主题集中在二十世纪二十年代之前,因为从那时起对版权的保护一再延长,现在已经到了 99 年。如果继续延长,那么只有到二十一世纪中叶,上个世纪的作品才可能进入公有领域,成为进一步创作的依据。让所有人都违法的法律是恶法。]

[之后是关于同人志的描述。日本的同人志文化是一种基于原作的创造,有着“监管者睁一只眼闭一只眼”的法律地位。]

传统上,借鉴他人的成果进行创造,总是会包含未经原作者许可,也不给原作者补偿的成分。每个社会都为自由文化留有空间。

[后面提到旧金山,普雷西迪奥街区Presidio的多媒体校车“Just Think!”,以及洛杉矶的创作实验,还有 911 事件。最后是博客和 FOSS,这些都是表达的手段,都属于创作。]

“但是这种实践操作的自由并没有保障。自由正逐步受到遏制。…… While there’s no doubt that your father
had the right to tinker with the car engine, there’s great doubt that your
child will have the right to tinker with the images she finds all around”

== 搜索引擎也犯错 ==

2002 伦斯勒理工学院,杰西 被美国唱片产业协会(RIAA)起诉,理由是他完善了校内联网文件系统的搜索引擎,导致音乐文件的共享。赔偿金额为 1500 万美元,最后以杰西交出自己所有积蓄(1.2万美元的暑期打工收入)结束。

== “法定许可”制度 ==

最初唱片业、广播电台、有线电视的发展都依赖于法律的规定,限制著作权人的“垄断”地位而得以发展起来。这些都是某种形式的“盗版”。

== 盗版的法律解读 ==

共享文件的几种形式

* 用之取代了过去的消费

* 试听

* 获取某些受著作权保护,但是不可能从正当途径获得的东西,比如不再出售的物品(也包括二手商品)

* 获取公有领域的内容

其中,只有第四种是合法的,但是前面几种对商家,社会或创作者有好处。“Just as Edison complained about Hol-
lywood, composers complained about piano rolls, recording artists
complained about radio, and broadcasters complained about cable TV,
the music industry complains that type A sharing is a kind of “theft”
that is “devastating” the industry.”

“If 2.6 times the number of CDs sold were downloaded for free, and yet sales
revenue dropped by just 6.7 percent, then there is a huge difference be-
tween ‘downloading a song and stealing a CD.’”

=== 关于 Napster ===

“ When Napster told the district court that it had devel-
oped a technology to block the transfer of 99.4 percent of identified
infringing material, the district court told counsel for Napster 99.4
percent was not good enough. Napster had to push the infringements
“down to zero.”

If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing
technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to
assure that a p2p system is used 100 percent of the time in compliance
with the law, any more than there is a way to assure that 100 percent of
VCRs or 100 percent of Xerox machines or 100 percent of handguns
are used in compliance with the law.”


= 财产权 =

“如果我把你后院的餐桌搬走,我真真切切地搬走了一些东西,你就不再拥有这些东西了。如果我只是拿走了这个主意,也去买张餐桌放在后院,你损失了什么呢?”

as Thomas Jefferson said (and as is especially true
when I copy the way someone else dresses), “He who receives an idea
from me, receives instruction himself without lessening mine; as he who
lights his taper at mine, receives light without darkening me.”


[后面有很长的关于著作权起源的解释,从伦敦的出版商讲起。从1774年开始,不再有永久著作权,也头一次出现了公有领域的概念。]

案例:引用 4.5 秒其他影视镜头的繁琐许可

案例:为知名演员制作“自传”的繁琐许可,需要引用其主演和导演的大量镜头,需要其中涉及到的每个人的许可

= 互联网档案馆 =

布鲁斯特 卡尔(Brewster Kahle) http://archive.org

= 创意财产权 =

财产保护方式的四种管制模式:

* 法律
* 规范
* 市场
* 结构

“ In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences
for free culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will
be lost.


Adobe 对 PDF 的荒谬限制:尽管一个文件是公有领域的,PDF 也可能禁止打印、复制、朗读等操作。利用技术手段绕过这些限制究竟是不是合理的呢?

[evince/xpdf 和另外某个 PDF 阅读器在这方面就有一段公案。现在的 evince 可以对 PDF 做各种操作,无视原本的限制,但是这些限制又是 PDF 的标准,所以一个完全遵守标准的实现需要做出类似的限制(? 也许我记错了)]

给 AIBO 增加新动作的 hack 遭到 sony 基于 DMCA 禁止。

破解数字音乐保护的论文遭到 RIAA 基于 DMCA 的禁止。

“ In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the
spread of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made
spreading such information an offense.”

=== 集中化趋势 ===

对集中化的管制放松,导致独立作品渐渐消失。

= 互联网,共享,法律 =

所有人都成了违法者。

“ So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a
friend gives a CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the
cassettes you used to make as a kid. You don’t know, and neither does
your daughter, where these songs came from. But she copies these
songs onto her computer. She then takes her computer to college and
connects it to a college network, and if the college network is “cooper-
ating” with the RIAA’s espionage, and she hasn’t properly protected
her content from the network (do you know how to do that yourself ?),
then the RIAA will be able to identify your daughter as a “criminal.”
And under the rules that universities are beginning to deploy,22 your
daughter can lose the right to use the university’s computer network.
She can, in some cases, be expelled.”


= 权力、利益的平衡 =

[一些杂七杂八的案例,特别是作者参与辩护的,控延长著作权保护期的《桑尼 博诺法案》违宪的案例。]

[一个可行的解决办法:著作权人需要自行登记,使得作品的著作权有案可查,衍生的创作更容易。]

= 结语 =

关于 AIDS 专利药品在南非,“平行进口”,美国制药公司和政客以所谓知识产权的“神圣性”为接口导致了数百万人的死亡。

WIPO 论坛某次会议由于涉及自由和开源软件议题而被取消,背后有微软对美国政府的游说。

= 后记 =

预期。
Tags: ,

[info]bbbush

关于 GNU 和最近射手播放器的事情

真正让人见识到了天底下有那么多类型的人。我也是某一种类型,在这个从 FFMPEG(GPL) 到射手播放器(目前仍在摇摆)到 QQ 播放器(专有软件)的光谱上,我很不巧地站在 GPL 一边,用的播放器是 vlc。

cnBeta 就是一个大杂烩,捏着鼻子看吧。有一些写得很好(而符合我的心理),有一些五毛的文章如此冠冕堂皇(我怀疑是练手用的文章)而又兜来兜去没有立场。问题在于,即使所有这些文章有了重大影响——影响到了每一个读者,那又怎么样呢。在 cnBeta 看帖的人与在其他地方的没有区别:大家都不创造内容,这一帮互联网的看客(我也在内)很少有实际而重大的影响。只有第一手的内容最为重要。(向玛格丽特苏致敬,同时请她完全不必生气,网上的人比生活中更多样更坏。)

在这个事情里,我理解的第一手内容就是 FFMPEG tracker 的对话。对话里,FFMPEG 的代表三番五次的提到一句话:“你看不懂 GPL,你要做的事情就是以 GPL 发布全部代码”。可以这样认识:如果是 trivial 的问题,那就不会有“疑问”;否则再想着研究 GPL 也是白搭。这里只有经济利益能让人坚持不懈的去找 GPL 没有覆盖的地方,用不好听的话说“钻空子”。如果连英语的表达和理解都成问题,甚至连中文的沟通其实都没做好(连 yegle 都搞不定还要折腾到 FFMPEG tracker 上,话说一个这样热心的人是多么宝贵的顾问哪),希望理解 GPL 就是天方夜谭。

看到射手播放器网站到文泉驿字体(http://wenq.org )的链接,我觉得作者一定是受了文泉驿的激励,同时也确实基于 GPL 的内容开发了软件,才敢于尝试采用 GPL。许多事情都并不简单,所以如果不是很激情的人,必然会选择避开他们,GPL 即是一例。理解 GPL 相当困难,理解背后的精神就更困难了。我自己对 GNU 的认识就经历过多次的反复,有盲目的崇拜,有纯粹的字面理解,诸如此类,都是很简化的、很极端的想法。它的精神究竟是什么呢?我到现在也还是说不出来,如果有人问我,我只能重复那些 RMS 讲过的故事。述而不作,在 GNU 这件事上非常有用——总有一天我能理解它的精神,但是现在我做不到,却也没办法不被它所吸引。

为什么要采用 GPL?如果没有任何经济利益,采用 GPL 会让问题大大简化,就像 FFMPEG 的代表那样,只管重复一句话就可以:最好的办法就是以 GPL 发布全部代码。所有其他考虑都是 workaround, ugly hack。我觉得射手播放器的作者并没有我这样打算理解 GNU 的精神,而我也绝不会像他那样打算理解 GPL 的法律文本。毕竟 GPL 只是保护 GNU 的方式,穿盔戴甲披挂停当之后的老山羊要更安全一些。如果一定要把手伸出去拖一只驴子进来,那就尽管找吧。

射手播放器的作者太偏重技术。他为大家创造方便,同时让自己有所收获,这是开源软件的工作方式。(这次发生的冲突也让我想到 RMS 为什么倡导自由软件,反对开源的提法。)这样很好,但是他毕竟不是很精通商业的运作。诸如客户,OEM,PR 这些重要的东西,他做得都不好,尤其是博客中提到 QQ 播放器的几个帖子。让真正理解商业的人来运作那些会对射手播放器和作者更有利。就像 QQ 一样,商业可以利用自由软件的优势,又不会在经济利益上吃亏。商业没有良心的考量(当然有更强的保护自己的法律方面的考量),除非成长到一定程度,“企业的社会责任”开始变得有利可图。
Tags: ,

Dec. 18th, 2009


[info]bbbush

LJ 付费账号 50% 折扣优惠券

昨天看到 LJ News 说,付费账号可以给免费账号送优惠券,付费账号本来是 $19.95 (或者 $25)一年的,使用 $10 优惠券之后就是 50% 折扣。每个付费账号有 10 个名额,我剩 9 个,还有没有人要啊?

之所以有 $19.95 和 $25 的区别是 $19.95 是每年自动扣缴。如果要省钱,可以先上这个,然后取消自动扣款就可以了。
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Dec. 17th, 2009


[info]bbbush

(no subject)

posted via "Share This", on www.getpersonas.com -- quite interesting!

Personas for Firefox | Save the Bees Plz

Posted using ShareThis


update: 试了一下,也可以发到 twitter,看来也是翻墙利器。

https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/5000
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Dec. 16th, 2009


[info]theljstaff in [info]news

LiveJournal Major Notes: My Stats, My Guests, Holiday promotion, Yandex search, Whitelisting!

Get to know My Guests. Want to know who's checking you out? You can now view the 100 most recent, logged-in users who visited your journal during the past 30-day period with My Guests. For those who prefer to fly under the radar, you can update your My Guests privacy setting here.

Introducing My Stats. If you have a Paid or Permanent account, you can now see detailed reports on how many people are visiting your journal, friends pages, and entries (wherever they're posted on LiveJournal). You can also view data on comments and RSS requests. My Stats is only available to Paid and Permanent account holders, but you can upgrade anytime. (FYI, an annual subscription costs less than a large pizza with everything on it, PLUS it's rumored to make you lose weight in your sleep!) For additional details on this feature, read this article in [info]paidmembers.

Get ready to check your vital statistics!. To begin, mouse over Journal in the upper nav bar and select My Stats from the dropdown menu (Horizon) or select My Stats under Journal in the side bar (Vertigo). If you're using another design scheme, you can visit My Stats directly. You'll find My Guests on the My Stats tool bar.

Happy holiday promotion!

We're delighted to tell you about our holiday coupons, which will help you share the love with your LiveJournal friends! If you have a Paid or Permanent account, you can send up to 10 LiveJournal Basic/Plus users a $10 coupon for an annual paid subscription now through January 15th, 2010. Recipients can upgrade for $9.95 (instead of $19.95) for one year by enrolling in our automatic payment plan or make a manual payment of $15 (instead of $25). Please note that these coupons are not transferable and cannot be used to renew existing paid accounts. If you're a Paid/Permanent user, you can send out your holiday coupons now!

Tweaks and Enhancements

  1. The search is on: We've replaced our default search tool with one from Yandex, a leader in search engine technology. This means you'll get smarter, more granular results! To get started, enter your search terms and click the Go button to the left of the Find box on the upper right of the LiveJournal header. This will take you to the search landing page where you can further refine by Entries, Comments, People & communities, and FAQs. You can also access the search page directly.
  2. Whitelisting: We've released a new option to help you moderate your busy communities more efficiently. If an entry contains a link to a whitelisted (i.e., trusted) site, it will be posted automatically without need for moderator approval. If a post contains a link that is not on the whitelist, you'll be prompted to approve. To access this option, please visit settings for any community you maintain and select the third option in the Community Moderation box (located in the lower left-hand corner). Click the enable link to custom-edit your community's whitelist, which has been prepopulated with trusted domains. You can manually add or delete URLs in the text box. Please note: If you're the maintainer of an unmoderated community, you may see the radio button for this setting checked, even though it's not active. This is a known issue. Please select whichever option you prefer and click Save Changes at the bottom of the page. If you're happy with your current settings, then no need to do anything!
  3. TMI, dude: We've added some fun FREE sponsored vgifts! You can send up to 50 TMI vgifts to mutual friends (btw, you cannot send free vgifts to communities). If you're a Paid/Permanent user and you want to view sponsored gifts, click Show sponsored gifts on your homepage or visit the sponsored gift page. These vgifts will only be available through Wednesday, December 23rd.

You can view more awesome user content after the jump!

Read more... )

Curtains

Thanks, again, for joining us. Until next time, stay snug!

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